A rapid lesson in polyphony and polyrhythm

Let's first recollect our definition of polyphony...

http://geniusraja.blogspot.ca/2008/08/introduction-to-polyphony.html

Let's next recollect our definition of polyrhythms...

http://geniusraja.blogspot.ca/2011/01/introduction-to-polyrhythms.html

The song, Punnai Vanathu Kuyile from Muthu KaaLai (Tamil 1995) has some amazing experimental work by Raja. Hear the clip below...



This is the second interlude in the composition. Here is what's going on, with the experiment:

1. Between 0:00 and 0:08 - The shehnai is used in its native North Indian format and the synthesizer responds to the call twice. Nothing unusual yet.

2. Between 0:09 and 0:18 - The rhythm joins the shehnai which now switches to 'Raja' mode. There are a couple of bars - Again nothing unusual

3.  Between 0:19 and 0:28 - You have 4 things going on suddenly. The tabla joins on a different time while the earlier rhythm is still going on. Polyrhythm 101. You will also notice that the synthesizer plays counter melody to the shehnai.

  That was the aha moment. Segment 1 and Segment 2 were preparing the listener for Segment 3. Those were just appetizers. 

  Polyphony on top of polyrhythm.  

That's one hellua lesson within 28 seconds.  Please use a good pair of headphones to enjoy the experiment and the quick lesson on polyphony on top of polyrhythm!

The genius of Raja demonstrated

            Not many people fully grasp the genius of this man. Some of them think he is a folk musician and others think that he is a Classical Carnatic musician. While these views are true, his first formal training is in Western Classical Music and to this date, he writes sheet music, and he is the fastest in the world. He communicates with sheet music faster than his native language. Watch the video below and my explanation of what he does. (most people will get lost as they do not fully understand what goes on). Composing background music is the hardest part of film music as a film of 2.5 hours has about at least 1.5 hours of background music.  This is equivalent to 15-20 songs as most Indian film songs are for about 4 minutes.

It may be worthwhile using this example to document what Raja does when he does his background score.

Before we dive into the detail, most composers (and even the best) operate like the 'Pacman' 2-d game that most of us are familiar. They are single threaded and at best use a single processor to determine the next move all the time. Raja's brain works like a modern graphics pipeline attached to a GPU like the NVidia GForce series, which does both shading and lighting management along with the associated physics engine (for lighting) and manages to process at a few teraflops, several gigabytes of data, as the scene advances in any modern video game. Most gamers love these graphics engines as they render (rendering is a complex computing problem) the scenes seamlessly giving them a breezy experience by creating real life like situations in their XBox or PS consoles.

Now. let's see how a typical (single threaded) composer would add music to the scene that we saw:

1. Pass 1, is to observe the scene with the view of doing what's called as marking - this is to understand the stretch of the scene and also where conversations have to be kept as is and where music needs to be added.
2. Pass 2, using the markings (there are digital tools available for this), determine the number of bars of music that needs to be composed. The digital tools do both marking and timing - before digital tools, folks used a stop clock and paper, and would play the reel several times.
3. Pass 3, think about the overall scene's ambiance to select the various instruments and decide on the music that needs to fill the gaps. This step also includes writing the score sheet for the various music pieces. There will be separate scores for the various music pieces, as defined by the time markings. The score is typically divided as sub-parts. For example, if the scene is called 'Scene15' and it has 3 musical pieces, the scores will be written as 'Scene15-1', 'Scene15-2' and 'Scene 15-3'.
4. Pass 4, work through the score to ensure that the bars of music indeed ties up with the markings done in step 1. 90% of the composers do not get this right as they mostly overshoot or come under - in many films, you can see these professional shortcomings being patched by synthesized fillers.
5. Pass 5, get an orchestra to practice - normally this is another music conductor who sweats this out to get the right music out of the band
6. Pass 6, do the final take where the fade-in and fade-out of the background score is managed, so that the viewer does not feel that something got artificially introduced and is able to relate to the scene better than the raw shoot.

These six passes take an enormous amount of time and energy and even the best composers do get challenged with background music as a result.

The scene we saw is for about 2.5 minutes and the scene is about the woman speaking about her ex-boyfriend or husband. The couple stroll through some busy lane filled with several people. However, what the viewer needs to fully appreciate is the message of the woman about her ex-boyfriend (I hope I understood the scene, as I have not watched any other footage from this film).

Raja does this in 3 passes. 

1. Pass 1, as he watches the film, conventional pass 1,2,3,4 run in parallel in his head. No digital markers, no stop watches, nothing. On top of this, there is a super pass that runs through his brain, which is the emotional content of the scene. This is the music nVidia phase where his music pipeline processes every moment as his eyes watches it and he keeps writing music as though he is just writing down the time details!
2. Pass 2, he gets involved in ensuring the right bowing is in place for the violins and the right chords for the guitar (he does this for his satisfaction)
3. Pass 3, final take and the fade-in and fade-outs

You must remember that passes 2,3 and 4 are the most cumbersome and they can involve several sub-passes too. You will notice that Raja does not write music for his sub-scenes at all. He just leaves the gap in his musical score and everything is automatically taken care of! A huge productivity jump that you can watch in this video. You will also notice that the last few seconds of the clip has conversations still going on between the couple, and Raja chooses to fade that out with his violins. As he watches the film, his mind calculates everything in musical bars as his eyes watch the scene and his brain processes the visual by triggering musical notes that flow freely out on his score sheet. I hope I have captured the most modern MPU (Musical Processing Unit) that ever existed - Raja! Though the clip is for about 2.5 minutes, there are several hundred decisions that his mind has already made when those 2.5 minutes was shown to him and he executes those decisions in real time. You will also notice him playing a few keys in his piano to choose the scale that matches with the ambiance and you will hear that in the final take. This is called the tonic note for a western scale.

You should be able to understand why no human has ever written background scores for 55 films in a single year other than Raja. 

Hope that helps you understand a living musical genius.

Other complex CaRe arrangements

In this section, we will review a few tracks where Raja has used 5 or more instruments in a C&R mode to create his interlude. As we have seen with the 4 instrument combination, it is hard to go look for symmetry in these arrangements. It is the C&R packing density that one has to look at with these arrangements. Technically, these C&R arrangements do not qualify to be part of symmetry analysis.

One such song is Meenamma Meenamma (Tamil 1989). Let’s analyze the way the 1^st interlude of this song is orchestrated by Raja. Though not symmetrical, Raja uses six instruments and creates an interlude purely dotted with C&R arrangements.  It is structured this way:

Sax-Ve

Gu-Vi x2

Sax-Ve

Gu-Vi x2

Ve/Fl-Vi x2

Sy-Vi x2

In short form, the arrangement pattern can be said as 1+2+1+2+2+2. 

With the Sax and the Veena thrown into the mix, Raja manages this interlude with aplomb though the intent is not to get symmetrical. All these 10 C&Rs are managed within the usual 20 plus seconds with ease.  The Veena/Flute/Volins part throws the wrench in the works, apart from the last C&R that uses a Synthesizer as well. Had Raja continued the pattern from the first 4 C&R in a progression, this could be technically symmetrical. However, as I have repeatedly said, symmetry does not buy you much when it comes to a melodic arrangement in a fast paced world of film music. This interlude is packed with 10 C&Rs and creates a very melodic interlude keeping the pace of the main song intact. 

Let's hear Meenamma...

Final notes on symmetrical CaRe arrangements

In the last 15 months or so, we explored symmetry in Raja’s work. We focused on arrangement based symmetry than instrument based symmetry. It is hard to write about music symmetry if you consider film music as your analysis subject. Some of the parts in this series of articles may sound a bit critical from a symmetry point of view.  While it is easy to take a critical technical view, one must realize the drivers for a commercial film music composers: 

a) the limits of time to create an interlude (considered a filler by most composers) 

b) the overall melody of the interlude and 

c) the constraints of an interlude, whose rhythm arrangement and pitch cannot significantly vary from the main song. 

Given these constraints, symmetry is definitely not the focus of an average Indian film composer.

Even with all these constraints, we are lucky to have a composer, who navigates these constraints without any difficulty and still delivers near perfect and at times perfectly symmetric C&R based arrangements that have stood the test of time.

The entire series on symmetry must be viewed in this light and not as a mere technical analysis of Raja’s work. As always, his wide body of work repeatedly qualifies for such analysis as it is built on very strong musical fundamentals. We have seen this in several analysis series:

•        Moods series about the emotions that Raja evokes with his interludes
•        Rhythm arrangements and the staggering variety
•       Polyphonic arrangements with his interludes
•       Polyrhythmic arrangements
•       Chorus arrangements
•       Symmetrical arrangements

 We have hardly scratched the tip of the iceberg as all we have covered in the 150 plus posts are one aspect of Raja’s work – instrumental arrangement.

Quintuple instruments with imperfect symmetry, with and without bridges

Getting to perfect C&R symmetry with four instruments is hard; with five instruments is close to impossible, though it is mathematically possible. One is not guaranteed of any great melody coming out of it. Throwing in musical bridges into this mix makes the analysis impossible. We will focus on tracks where Raja has composed the entire interlude with just C&R arrangement with five instrument combinations. We will not worry about any bridges. The two examples, we will discuss here have no bridges!



The first example is a very popular song, ‘Mannil Indha Kaadhal from Keladi Kanmani ‘ (Tamil 1990). While this song has been popular for other reasons, we will focus on the first interlude of this song.  Raja uses Guitar, synthesizer, violins, flute and bells to create this interlude with all the instruments playing call and response to each other. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Gu-Sy x2

Sy-Gu x6

Vi-Sy x2

Fl-Be

Bel-Fl

In short form, this can be expressed as, 2+6+2+1+1

The interlude lasts 36 seconds and there are 12 C&R arrangements within this short span of time. I have not heard any other composer do this and keep the interlude melodious! 

Let’s hear the C&R densely packed first interlude of Mannil Indha Kaadhal…

The second example is a song that beats the first one in terms of C&R density. This is the densest C&R arrangement I have heard among all composers. Let’s analyze the first interlude of the song ‘Kotti Kidhakudhu from Theertha Karaiyinile’ (Tamil 1987). Raja uses Guitar, synthesizer, violins, flute and bells to create this interlude with all the instruments playing call and response to each other. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Fl-Sy x2

Gu-Vi x2

Fl-Vi x2

Gu-Fl x2

Vi-Fl x4

Vi-Be-Fl

In short form, this can be expressed as 2+2+2+2+4+1.

Let's hear the densest first interlude of Kotti Kidhakudhu...

The interlude lasts 26 seconds and there are 13 C&R arrangements within this short span of time. Only a Raja interlude can beat another. This is the densest C&R interlude ever I have heard of Raja. No other composer comes close. It is such mastery over the technique that allows Raja to do 13 C&R arrangements in 26 seconds. This is the highest level of mastery in such an arrangement among any composer I have heard.

Quadruple instrument based imperfect symmetry without bridge

This involves a number of call and response arrangements involving four instruments that have a pattern. It is hard to get perfect reflection symmetry with four instrument choices. Lots of Raja’s interludes do fall under this category where it is hard to identify symmetry and the composer uses a number of C&R arrangements with 4 instrument choices

Let’s first start with the song Andhi Varum Neram from Mundhanai Mudichu (Tamil 1983). The first interlude of this song is based on C&R arrangements involving 4 instruments. There are no bridges and Raja uses Violins, guitar, flute and veena to create the interlude. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Vi-Fl x2

Gu-Vi x4

Gu-Ve x2

Ve-Vi x2

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is 2+4+2+2. This is not symmetrical in any way and a possible translation symmetry would look like this:

Vi-Fl x2

Fl-Gu x2

Gu-Ve x2

Ve-Vi x2

You can see that there is only one element that stops this arrangement from being a perfect translation symmetry based arrangement.

Let’s hear the near perfect Andhi Varum Neram…

The second interlude of Maalaiyil Yaaro from Chatriyan (Tamil 1989) is our next track to analyze. Raja uses 4 instruments in atypical C&R arrangement. While a particular instrument combination can be argued as pure harmony, I still think it is a C&R. He uses, Guitar, Sax, Violins and Synthesizer to weave this beautiful melody. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Gu-Sax x3

Gu-Sy

Vi-Sax x2

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is 3+1+2. This is not symmetrical in any way and a possible translation symmetry would look like this:

Gu-Sax x3

Gu-Sy

Sy-Sax x3

Sy-Vi

Vi-Sax x3

Though far from perfect translation symmetry, the melody of the arrangement is definitely striking. 

Let’s hear the second interlude of Maalaiyil Yaaro…

The last example in this post would be the second interlude of Madurai Marikozhundu from Enga Ooru Paatukaran (Tamil 1987).  Raja uses four sets of instruments in C&R arrangement in this interlude – Synthesizer, Violins, Flute, and Chorus. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Sy-Vi

Ch-Vi x4

Ch-Fl x3

Vi-Sy x2

Fl-Vi

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is  1+4+3+2+1. This is not symmetrical in any way . If you leave out the first C&R element, it appears like a simple progression of descending number of C&Rs going from 4 to 1.

Let’s hear the second interlude of Madurai Marikozhundu…

There are a few other songs of Raja, where he has used a four instrument C&R as the interlude of his composition. While most composers do use this technique, it is rare to find a composer who can do the entire interlude with just C&R arrangements, be it with three , four or more instrument combinations.

Quadruple instrument based imperfect symmetry with bridge

This involves a number of call and response arrangements involving four instruments that have a pattern. It is hard to get perfect reflection symmetry with four instrument choices. Lots of Raja’s interludes do fall under this category where it is hard to identify symmetry and the composer uses a number of C&R arrangements with 4 instrument choices. These arrangements also feature one or more musical bridges. Even with these bridges, there is nothing like perfect symmetry you can infer from such arrangements. 

The first track we will take up for analysis is ‘Vaanile Thenila’ from Kaaki Chattai (Tamil 1985). The first interlude uses 4 instruments – Trumpet, Guitar, flute and Violins in various call and response combinations. There is also the use of musical bridges in this interlude. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Vi-Tr x4

Vi-Fl x2,

Vi-Gu Br

Gu-Vi x2

Gu Br

Fl Br

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is 4+2+b+2+b+b. In other words, there are three musical bridges that send you into a tizzy trying to map this from a symmetry perspective. 

Even if one discards the bridges, the arrangement is far from being symmetrical. The only common aspect of all the C&R usage in this track is the use of Violins in each of the C&R arrangement. 

Let’s hear the first interlude of Vanile Thenila…

The next track we will take up for analysis is ‘En Vaanile from Johny (Tamil 1980)’. The first interlude uses 4 instruments – piano, Solo Violin, Synthesizer and violins in various call and response arrangements. This track is the closest to any form of symmetry with 4 C&R arrangement I observed in this category. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Pi-Fl,

So-Fl,

Vi-Sy

Vi br,

Pi-Vix2

Pi-Pi

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is 1+1+1+b+2+1. On the surface, from the short form, it appears that at least if the Piano and Violin (cell 5) is broken down, you could have reflection symmetry on both sides of the bridge. Unfortunately, this is not true as the parts before the bridge and after the bridge are also not using the same instrument combination, let alone any true reflection symmetry. 

Let’s hear the first interlude of En Vaanile…

The next three examples, though not perfect in symmetry have a very striking arrangement – the C&R combinations are not the usual once or twice,  but they occur four times and still does not bore the listener. 

The first track we will take up for analysis in this sub-section, is Kanmaniye Pesu from Kaaki Chattai (Tamil 1985). The second interlude uses 4 instruments – synthesizer, violins, flute and shehnai. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Sy-Vi-Fl

Vi-Fl

Vi br

Sh-Fl x4

Vi br

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is 1+1+b+4+b. You can see that the Shehnai-Flute arrangement being repeated four times is unique and does not occur in many Raja compositions.

Let’s hear the second interlude of Kanmaniye Pesu…

The second track we will take up is the first interlude of Oomai Nenjin Osaigal from Ananda Kummi (Tamil 1982). It uses 4 instruments in the interlude – Violins, Synthesizer, Solo Violin and Flute. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Vi-Sy x2

So-Fl x4

Vi-Fl x3,

Sy br

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is, 2+4+3+b. You can see that Raja uses the Solo Violin and Flute C& R arrangement four times and Violins – Flute arrangement three times in this interlude.

Let’s hear the first interlude of Oomai Nenjin Osaigal…

The third track takes C&R arrangement to the next level, though it does not achieve any symmetry in arrangement. This is the first interlude of the song Thaen Poove  Poove from Anbulla Rajnikanth (Tamil 1984). In this interlude, again not symmetrical, Raja uses an instrument combination 8 times repeatedly and gets away with it! On top of this, he uses two instrument combination four times in the same interlude. That is definitely mastery over this arrangement technique.  He weaves this magic using 4 instrument combinations – guitar, flute, Violins and Bells. The pattern of this interlude is as shown below:

Gu-Fl x4

Vi-Be x8

Fl-Gu x4

Gu br

In short form, one can say that the pattern of this arrangement is 4+8+4+b. You can notice that the Violin and Bells are used eight times in this interlude! Also, you can see that the Guitar-Flute combination is repeated 4 times and the Flute-Guitar combination is repeated another 4 times.

Let’s hear the magical interlude of ‘Thaen Poove Poove Vaa’…

We do not get to hear such great C&R arrangements anymore, nor do the current composers care about any symmetry. Their focus is getting a good tune out and even the interludes are just fillers from standard sample materials and a few boring lines with keys...